Te Whakamārama mō te Whakaurunga Paipa Whakaiti: Ngā Momo, Ngā Whakamahinga, me te Kōwhiri i te Rahi Tika

Kupu Whakataki

Ehara i te mea ko te hono noa i ngā paipa o ngā diameter rerekē te mahi a ngā hononga paipa whakaiti—ka pā ki te tere rere, te ngaronga pēhanga, te aueue, me te pono o te pūnaha mō te wā roa. E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga i ngā momo whakaiti matua, te wāhi e whakamahia ai ia momo, me te pānga o te kōwhiringa rahi ki te mahi i roto i ngā raina wai me te hau. Ka ako anō hoki koe i ngā āhuatanga mahi e ārahi ana i ngā whakatakotoranga, tae atu ki te kaupapa paipa, te hononga mutunga, te aronga tāutanga, me ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. Hei te mutunga, ka whai anga mārama koe mō te whiriwhiri i tētahi whakaiti e ōrite ana ki te tahora paipa, e tautoko ana i te rere pai, ā, e karo ana i ngā hapa rahi noa ka arahi pea ki te wiri, te horo, te hekenga pēhanga koretake rānei.

He aha te hiranga o te hononga paipa whakaiti tika

He wāhanga whakawhiti nui te hononga paipa whakaiti i rotongā pūnaha paipa ahumahi, e āwhina ana i te whakarerekētanga o te diameter o te paipa me te pupuri tonu i te pupuri wai me te hanganga pai. Haunga te hono noa i ngā paipa e rua kāore i te ōrite, ka tohua e ēnei hononga te whai huatanga wai me te pono o te pūnaha o te whatunga kawe wai katoa.

Ehara i te mea he mahi āhuahanga noa iho te whiriwhiri i te whirihoranga me te whakatakotoranga tika. Ka whakarerekē nui te taunga kua whiriwhiria i te āhua waipēhi o te pūnaha, me whai whakaaro ngā kaihangarau ki te tere o te wai, ki ngā nekehanga pēhanga ā-roto, me te tohatoha ahotea miihini kia mau ai te pumau o te mahi mō te wā roa.

Pānga ki te whanonga rere

Mā te whakarerekē i te horahanga whakawhiti o te paipa ka whakarerekētia te tere me te pēhanga o te mea e haria ana. E ai ki ngā mātāpono o te hihiri wai, mā te whakaiti i te whānui o te paipa ka tere ake te wai, ā, i te wā anō ka heke te pēhanga tūmau. Hei tauira, mā te neke mai i te rahi paipa 8-inihi ki te 6-inihi ka hua ake he whakaiti i te horahanga whakawhiti e whakanui ake ai i te tere wai mā te 77%.

Ki te kore e āta whakahaerea tēnei whakaterenga, ka taea e ia te whakaputa i te aueue nui, te hekenga o te pēhanga ā-rohe, me te pakaru. I roto i ngā pūnaha wai e mahi tata ana ki ō rātou rohe pēhanga kohu, ka taea e te hekenga ohorere o te pēhanga mā roto i tētahi whakaiti kāore i te tino tohua te hanga i ngā mirumiru kohu me te hinga, ka arahi ki te tere o te memeha o ngā rauemi me te whakararu i te pumau o te pūnaha.

Ngā utu huna mai i ngā hapa rahi

Ko ngā hapa rahi i roto i te kōwhiringa o te whakaiti hiko ka hua ake he pikinga o ngā whakapaunga whakahaere. Ina he iti te rahi o te whakaiti hiko, ina he koki whakawhiti tino ohorere rānei, ka kaha ake te mahi a ngā papu o raro i te waku me te ngaronga o te pane ki te pupuri i ngā tere rere e hiahiatia ana e te pūnaha.

E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga hangarau, mā te kore e tika te rahi o te whakaiti me te aukati i te rere ka piki ake te kaha e pau ana i te papu tuatahi mā te 15% ki te 25% ia tau nā te ngaronga o te upoko koretake. I roto i te wā, ka tere ake te pakaru o te papu nā te nui o te whakapau kaha, ka nui ake te ngenge miihini o ngā hiri me ngā peera, ā, ka piki ake ngā utu tiaki me te wā kore mahi i whakaritea. He nui ake te nui o ēnei whakapaunga mō te wā roa i ngā penapena tuatahi o te whakaurunga iti ake te utu, kāore i te tika te rahi.

Ngā momo hononga paipa whakaiti

Ko ngā pūnaha paipa ahumahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whirihoranga whakaiti rerekē hei whakaurungā here ā-wāhi motuhake, ngā āhuatanga wai, me ngā whakaritenga ahotea ā-mīhini. Mā te whiriwhiri i te āhuahanga me te tikanga hononga e tika ana ka whakarite i te pumau o te mahi mō te wā roa, ā, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā herenga tiaki.

Ngā whakaiti porowhita me ngā whakaiti āhua rerekē

Ko te rerekētanga āhuahanga matua o ngā hononga paipa whakaiti kei waenganui i ngā hoahoa porowhita me ngā hoahoa āhua rerekē. Ko ngā whakaiti porowhita he āhua ōrite, he rite ki te kōne, ā, ka tino ōrite ngā raina pokapū o ngā pito nui me ngā pito iti. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia i roto i ngā ara paipa poutū, i roto rānei i ngā pūnaha kāore e nui te whakaemi wai.

I tetahi atu taha, ka hangaia ngā whakaiti hau rerekē me te taha papatahi kotahi, kia āta wehea ai te raina pokapū. He mea nui tēnei whakatakotoranga papatahi i roto i ngā pūnaha paipa whakapae hei ārai i te mau o ngā putunga hau, hau rānei, ka taea te whakararuraru i te rere o te wai, ka kino hoki ngā taputapu o raro. Ina tāutahia ki te taha momi o te papu, ka anga whakarunga te taha papatahi ki runga hei whakarite kia mau tonu te rere o te wai, kia kore he hau.

Te whakataurite i te hononga mutunga me ngā kōwhiringa whakaritenga

I tua atu i te āhuahanga, ka whakarōpūtia ngā whakaiti e ō rātoungā hononga mutungame ngā matotoru o te pakitara, e mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko ngā rārangi paipa. Ko ngā hononga whakapiri-tua te paerewa ahumahi mō ngā tono pēhanga teitei me ngā tono whānui, e tuku ana i te rere o roto maeneene me te hanganga teitei puta noa i ngā rahi mai i te NPS 1/2 ki te NPS 48 me tua atu.

Heoi, ko ngā whakakōpiri-honohono me ngā whakakōpiri miro, he mea here noa iho ki ngā paipa iti ake—he mea here noa iho ki te NPS 2 (rahi paipa ingoa 2 inihi) me ngā mea iti ake. Nā te ngāwari o te waikura kapiti me te iti o ngā whakatauranga pēhanga i raro i te kawenga huringa tēnei. He mea nui anō hoki te taurite i te rārangi wā; me rite te matotoru o te pakitara o te whakakōpiri (hei tauira, te Rārangi Wā 40, 80, 160 rānei) ki ngā paipa tata kia rite ai te pupuri pēhanga me te tika o te whakakōpiri.

Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te rahi, te matotoru o te pakitara, me te rauemi

Ko te tautuhi i tētahi hononga paipa whakaiti-paipa me whai aromatawai pūnaha mō ngā whakaritenga ā-ahu o te whatunga paipa me ngā tono pakari o te taiao mahi. Mēnā kāore e ōrite te āhua o tētahi o ngā wāhanga e rua, ka arahi pea tēnei ki te rahunga kino o te pūnaha.

Ngā taahiraa hei whiriwhiri i te rahi o te whakaitiiti

Ka tīmata te tukanga ine rahi mā te tautuhi tika i ngā diameter o waho (OD) o ngā paipa e hono ana. Me tatau e ngā kaihangarau te tere rere rōrahi e hiahiatia ana, me te whakatū i te hekenga pēhanga mōrahi e whakaaetia ana puta noa i te rohe whakawhiti. Ko te whakaingoa rahi ahumahi paerewa e whakarārangi ana i te diameter nui ake i te tuatahi, ā, muri iho ko te diameter iti ake (hei tauira, 6″ x 4″).

Ina neke atu i te toru ngā rahi paipa paerewa te whakahekenga diameter e hiahiatia ana, me arotake e ngā kaihangarau mēnā ka taea e te whakahekenga kotahi te whakahaere i te whakawhiti me te kore e hipa i ngā paepae hekenga pēhanga. I roto i ngā pūnaha tere-teitei, ka taea e te whakahekenga kotahi-taahiraa nui te whakaputa i te aueue nui. Nō reira, me whakamahi pea i te whakahekenga ā-wāhanga mā te whakamahi i ngā hononga raupapa maha hei pupuri i te pumau o te rere me te tiaki i ngā taputapu o raro.

Ngā āhuatanga o te pāpāho, te pāmahana, te waikura, me te tere

Rauemi mengā whakaritenga matotoru o te pakitarae tino pāngia ana e te pāpāho e haria ana, te pāmahana whakahaere, me te tere o roto. Mō ngā tono wai paerewa, hau kore-waikura rānei, he rawaka te maitai waro. Heoi, ko ngā taiao matū kaha e hiahia ana ki ngā koranu kounga teitei ake.

Hei tauira, ko te whakahaere i ngā pāpāho tino waikura i ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 60°C (140°F) me te nui o te kukū o te pūhaumāota me whakapai ake i te maitai kore waikura 316L paerewa ki te koranu Duplex 2205 e whakamanamana ana i te Tau Rite Ātete Pitting (PREN) neke atu i te 34. Hei tāpiri, me here te tere o te wai. Ko te pupuri i ngā tere wai i raro i te 3 mita ia hekona (m/s) he paepae paerewa hei ārai i te tere o te waikura i roto i te wāhanga whakakotahi o te hononga, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha e whakahaere ana i ngā paru, i ngā wai rānei e ki ana i te matūriki.

Ngā paerewa, te whakahaere kounga, me ngā arowhai pūtake

Ko te whakarite i te hanganga pono me te mahi tahi o te hononga paipa whakaiti me tino piri ki ngā paerewa hanga o te ao me te tino kahangā tikanga whakahaere koungaKāore he kōwhiringa te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi pēhanga nui.

Ngā whakaritenga matua o te ASME, ASTM, MSS, me te kaupapa

Me tutuki ngā hononga ki ngā ture kua whakatūria e whakahaere ana i ngā ine, ngā whakatauranga pēhanga-pāmahana, me ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi. Ko te ASME B16.9 te paerewa whakamutunga mō ngā hononga whakarewa-waewae i hangaia i te wheketere, e whakatau ana i ngā ine whānui, ngā āheinga, me ngā tawhā whakamātautau. Mō ngā hononga whakarewa, ko te ASME B16.11 te kaiwhakahaere i ngā whakaritenga pakari mō te whakarewa-waewae me ngā whirihoranga miro.

He mea nui anō hoki te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o ngā rauemi, e whakahaeretia ana e ngā paerewa ASTM pērā i te ASTM A234 mō te maitai waro pāmahana-waenga ki te teitei, me te ASTM A403 mō te maitai kore waikura austenitic. Mā te tutuki i ēnei paerewa ka tino hono te hononga mai i tētahi kaihanga rongonui o te ao ki ngā paipa paerewa, ā, ka mahi pai i raro i te pēhanga.

Te tikanga hanga, ngā manawanui, me ngā arowhai whai

Ka horapa te mana whakahaere kounga ki roto i te tikanga hanga me te whakamātautau i muri i te hanga. Ka taea te hanga maeneene i ngā whakaiti mai i te paipa i whakaputahia, ka hangaia rānei mā te whakarewa mai i te pereti maitai i hurihia. Mō ngā whakaiti i whakarewahia, he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia te whakamātautau ira-X (RT) me te whakamātautau ultrasonic (UT) o te hononga whakarewa hei kite i te porosity o raro i te mata, te kore rānei o te hanumi.

Ka tino whakatinanahia ngā ātete ā-ahu hei whakapūmau i te āheinga whakarewa me ngā āhuatanga rere. I raro i te ASME B16.9, me pupuri te diameter o waho i te piko i roto i te awhe ātete tika o te +1.6 mm ki te -0.8 mm mō te whakaiti NPS 6. He mea nui te whai i ngā āhuatanga whānui, kua manatokohia mā roto i ngā Pūrongo Whakamātautau Mira (MTR) e whakaatu ana i ngā tau wera, te hanganga matū, me te kaha whakaputa miihini, hei whakamana i te tutuki i mua i te tāutanga.

Anga whakatau a te kaihoko

Ko te kimi i te paipa whakaiti pai rawa atu me whakatere e ngā kaihoko he whānuitanga uaua o ngā whakatakotoranga hangarau, ngā wātaka kaupapa, me ngā here tahua. Ka hāngai te anga whakatau pakari i ngā whakaritenga hangarau ki ngā āhuatanga tūturu o te mekameka tuku hei whakapai ake i te Utu Katoa o te Mana Whakahaere (TCO).

Te whakataurite i te taunga hangarau, te wā arahi, me te utu

Ko te whakataurite i te taurite hangarau me te wā arahi me te utu te tūāpapa o te hoko whai hua. Ko ngā taputapu whakaiti maitai waro paerewa i roto i ngā ōwehenga whakaiti noa (hei tauira, NPS 4 x 2) e wātea ana i te nuinga o te wā, e whakamanamana ana ki ngā wā arahi o te 1 ki te 3 wiki me te iti o ngā Rahinga Ota Iti rawa (MOQ) mō ngā kaupapa papatipu.

He rerekē, mā te tohu i ngā koranu motuhake pērā i te Inconel 625, mā te hiahia rānei ki ngā whakaiti diameter kāore i te paerewa ka tino whakarerekē i te ōhanga o te kaupapa. Ko ēnei taputapu ritenga, taputapu koranu-teitei rānei, ka roa ake te wā arahi hanga ki te 12 ki te 16 wiki, ā, ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā utu waeine mā te 400% ki te 600% ki te whakataurite ki ngā momo maitai waro paerewa. Me whakauru ngā kaihoko i ngā tīma hangarau i te tīmatanga o te wāhanga hoahoa kia mōhio ai mēnā ka taea e te whakataurite i ngā rahi paipa, te whakakapi rānei i ngā rauemi te whakaiti i ēnei.ngā aukati mekameka tukume te kore e whakararu i te haumaru, i te roa rānei o te wā o te pūnaha.

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Ko ngā whakatau tino nui me te take mō te whakaurunga paipa whakaiti
• Ngā whakaritenga, ngā whakaritenga, me ngā arowhai mōrearea e tika ana kia whakamanahia i mua i tō whakaae
• Ngā mahi whai muri me ngā whakatūpato ka taea e ngā kaipānui te tono tonu

Ngā Pātai Auau

Āhea ahau me whakamahi i te whakaiti āhua rerekē hei utu mō te whakaiti porowhita?

Whakamahia he whakaiti āhua rerekē i ngā rārangi whakapae, inā koa te momi papu, kia kore ai e puta he hau. Whakamahia he whakaiti āhua porowhita i ngā paipa poutū ina hiahiatia te whakataurite i te rārangi pokapū.

Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te rahi tika o te whakaitiiti?

Tātaitia te hononga ki te NPS tuturu o ngā paipa e rua e hono ana, ā, whakaūtia he pai te rere, te hekenga pēhanga, me te huringa tere. Āraia ngā whakahekenga ohorere e whakanui ana i te aueue me te kawenga papu.

Me ōrite te kaupapa whakaitiiti ki te kaupapa paipa?

Āe. Kōwhiria he matotoru pakitara e hototahi ana ki te paipa e tata ana, pērā i te Sch 40, te Sch 80 rānei, hei pupuri i te kaha o te pēhanga me te taunga tika i te wā e whakarewahia ana, e tāutahia ana rānei.

Ko tēhea hononga pito whakaiti te mea pai mō te ratonga ahumahi?

Ko ngā whakawhāiti whakarewa-putanga te mea pai rawa atu mō ngā rahi nui me ngā pūnaha pēhanga teitei ake nā te mea ka whakarato i te kaha me te rere o roto maeneene ake. Ko ngā momo miro me ngā momo whakarewa-pūngao e whakamahia ana mō ngā paipa iti-pūngao.

Ka taea e NBFH Metal te tuku i ngā hononga paipa whakaiti ritenga?

Āe. Ka whakaratohia e NBFH Metal ngā hononga paipa ahumahi, ā, ka taea e rātou te āwhina ki te whakataurite i te momo whakaiti, te rahi, te wātaka, me ngā rauemi ki tō tono. Tukuna mai ō rahi paipa, te pēhanga, me te reo hei tohutohu whai hua.