Ngā Pūwero Kowiri tira: Ngā Momo, Ngā Whakamahinga me Ngā Painga Matua

Kupu Whakataki

He maha ngā wā ka whakatauhia e ngā hononga paipa mēnā ka mau tonu te pono o tētahi pūnaha paipa i raro i te pēhanga, te huringa pāmahana, me ngā āhuatanga waikura. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā hononga kowiri tira nā te mea ka whakakotahi i te kaha miihini me te ātete roa ki te waikura, ngā matū, me te poke e pā ana ki te akuaku. E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga i ngā momo hononga matua, ngā wāhi e whakamahia whānuitia ana, me te take he mea nui te whiriwhiri rauemi i roto i ngā tono ahumahi, arumoni, me te akuaku. E whakaatu ana hoki i ngā painga mahi pēnei i te aukati i te turuturu, te roa, te horoi, me te whakaiti i te tiaki, e āwhina ana i ngā kaipānui ki te mārama me pēhea te tautoko a te hononga tika i ngā pūnaha whakahaere wai haumaru ake, pai ake hoki.

He aha te hiranga o ngā hononga paipa kowiri tira i roto i ngā pūnaha ahumahi

I roto i ngā pūnaha whakahaere wai ahumahi katoa, kāore i te maha ngā wā ka pāngia e te mamae o ngā paipa e ngā rere tika. Ko ngā ngoikoretanga tūturu kei ngā hononga, ngā kokonga, me ngā manga. Ko ngā hononga paipa kowiri tira te kiko honohono nui o ēnei pūnaha, e pupuri ana i ngā mea katoa me te whakahaere i te rere o te wai, ngā huringa pēhanga, me te ahotea hanganga. Ina pāngia e ngā matū kaha, ngā pāmahana tino kino, ngā whakaritenga parakore teitei rānei, kāore e pai te maitai waro paerewa, te kirihou rānei.

He nui te whakawhirinaki a ngā kaihangarau me ngā kaihoahoa pūnaha ki te kowiri tira nā te mea he kaha te mahi e taea te matapae. Ahakoa he pūnaha e mahi ana i te 150 PSI paerewa, e neke atu rānei i te 6,000 PSI i roto i te raina waipēhi pēhanga teitei, mā te hononga kowiri tira tika ka noho hiri, ka noho haumaru hoki te pūnaha. Ko te mārama ki te mahi a ēnei wāhanga i te taumata whānui te taahiraa tuatahi ki te hanga hanganga paipa e roa ana mō ngā tekau tau, kaua mō ngā marama.

Pānga ki te mōrearea waikura

Ko te take matua i tohua ai te maitai kore waikura i ngā mea utu iti ake ko tōna ātete ā-roto ki te waikura me te whakaekenga matū. I ahu mai tēnei ātete i tētahi paparanga waikura chromium moroiti, e whakaora ana i a ia anō (he 1 ki te 3 nanometer te matotoru) e puta ana i runga i te mata o te konganuku. I te mea kei reira te hāora, ka whakaora anō tēnei paparanga kore mahi mēnā ka rakurakuhia, ka mīhinihia rānei.

Heoi, he onge te korenga o te mōrearea waikura. I roto i ngā taiao ahumahi, he mōrearea tonu ngā whakaeke ā-rohe pēnei i te waikura poka, te waikura kapiti rānei, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao whai kōhatu. Mō te tiakitanga taketake i roto i ngā taiao pai, ka pāngia ngā koranu kowiri tira paerewa e te tere waikura iti iho i te 0.002 inihi ia tau. Engari i te wā e mahi ana ki te wai māori, ki te tukatuka matū rānei, ka tirohia e ngā miihini te Tau Ātete Poka (PREN). Ko te PREN neke atu i te 23 te tikanga e hiahiatia ana hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea waikura i roto i ngā tono moana taketake, i ngā tono kōhatu-nui rānei, e whakatau ana i te taumata koranu motuhake e hiahiatia ana mō ngā taputapu.

Ngā ahumahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki a rātou

He rerekē ngā take e hiahiatia ana e ngā rāngai rerekē ngā taputapu kowiri tira. I roto i ngā ahumahi kai, inu, me te rongoā, ko te akuaku te mea nui. Me whakamahi ēnei whare i ngā taputapu hauora me ngā whakaotinga mata o roto kua orohia—he maha ngā wā ka tohua he toharite taratara (Ra) iti iho i te 0.8 maikiromita—hei ārai i te tipu o ngā huakita me te tuku i ngā tukanga Horoi-i-te-Wāhi (CIP).

I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā rāngai matū hinu, hinu me te hau, me te whakaputa hiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te maitai kore waikura mō tōna kaha miihini i ngā pāmahana tino kino. Tērā pea ka whakamahia e te whare whakapai hinu ngā hononga maitai pakitara-taimaha (Wāhanga 160) hei whakahaere i te tukatuka hauwai i te 800°F me ngā pēhanga neke atu i te 3,000 PSI, ko te whare LNG cryogenic e whakawhirinaki ana ki te rauemi kotahi nā te mea ka mau tonu te pakari o te maitai kore waikura (e mau tonu ana te kaha pānga ki runga ake i te 40 Joules) ā, kāore e pakarukaru i te -320°F. Ka pau hoki i ngā tipu maimoatanga wai me te tango tote te nui o ēnei hononga hei whawhai i te āhua kaha o ngā tukanga osmosis whakamuri, e mahi ana i waenga i te 800 me te 1,200 PSI.

Ngā momo hononga paipa kowiri tira

Ehara ngā hononga paipa kowiri tira i te taonga kotahi te rahi mō ngā mea katoa. He wāhanga tino motuhake ēnei i hangaia hei mahi i ngā mahi āhuahanga me ngā mahi miihini motuhake i roto i te pūnaha paipa. Ka taea te whakarite i ngā rahi mai i ngā hononga taputapu iti 1/8-inihi tae atu ki ngā wāhanga nunui 24-inihi, nui ake rānei e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūtake ahumahi taumaha.

Ko te whakarōpūtanga o ēnei hononga e pā ana ki ngā āhuatanga matua e rua: te pānga ā-tinana o te hononga ki te rere o te wai, me te āhua o tana hononga ki ngā paipa tata. Mā te whakaranu i te momo hononga, i te āhua rānei he hē, ka arahi pea ki ngā herenga rere, ki ngā hekenga pēhanga, ki ngā turuturu kino rānei.

Ngā hononga mō te huri ahunga, te peka, me te whakaiti

Ko ngā hononga e huri ana i te ahunga, e wehe ana i te peka, e whakarerekē ana rānei i te rahi o te paipa te nuinga o ngā paipa katoa. Ko ngā tuke te mea tino noa, e wātea ana i ngā koki 45-tohu me te 90-tohu, e āhei ai ngā paipa ki te whakatere i ngā arai hanganga. Ko ngā tuke roa (ko te radius o waenganui he 1.5 ngā wā o te rahi o te paipa ingoa) he mea pai ake hei whakaiti i ngā hekenga pēhanga waku, ko ngā tuke poto (1.0 ngā wā o te rahi o te paipa ingoa) ka whakamahia i roto i ngā herenga wāhi iti.

Ina hiahiatia te wehewehe, te whakakotahi rānei i tētahi rārangi, ka whakamahia ngā tī me ngā whakawhiti. Ka whakaratohia e ngā tī he peka 90-tohu mai i te ara matua, ā, ka taea e ngā whakawhiti te whakawhiti i ngā ara e whā, ahakoa he iti ake te kitea nā te uaua o ngā pūwāhi ahotea e hangaia ana e rātou. Hei whakamutunga, ka whakawhitihia e ngā taputapu whakaiti i ngā paipa mai i te diameter nui ake ki te diameter iti ake. He ōrite ngā taputapu whakaiti porowhita, ā, ka whakamahia i roto i ngā ara poutū, ko ngā taputapu whakaiti eccentric ia he taha papatahi, he mea pai mō ngā ara whakapae hei ārai i te hanganga o ngā pute hau, hau rānei i te tihi o te paipa.

Ngā hononga miro, hononga hononga, hononga papa, me ngā hononga kōpeketanga

He rite tonu te hiranga o te tikanga e whakamahia ana hei hono i te hononga ki te paipa ki te āhua o te hononga. Ko ngā hononga miro, e whakaatu ana i te Miro Paipa Motu (NPT), he mea noa mō ngā paipa iti ake (e 2 inihi te roa me raro iho). He ngāwari te tāuta me te wetewete engari he ngāwari ki te turuturu i roto i ngā taiao wiri nui, i ngā taiao huringa pāmahana nui rānei.

Ko ngā hononga whakarewa hononga he whakauru i te paipa ki roto i te wāhi huna o te hononga, me te whakamahi i te whakarewa porowhita huri noa i te taha o waho. Mā tēnei ka kaha ake te hononga, ā, kāore e turuturu, ki te whakatauritea ki ngā miro, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā aho tae atu ki te 4 inihi. Ko ngā hononga whakarewa papa, i tētahi atu taha, me tino tika te whakapiko o te paipa me te hononga (i te nuinga o te wā i te koki 37.5-tohu) me te whakarewa mai i te pito ki te pito. Koinei te paerewa koura mō ngā paipa pēhanga teitei, whānui nui (Wāhanga 10 ki te 160) nā te mea ka tukuna te rere o roto tino maeneene me te hanganga tino pai.

Ngā taputapu kōpeketangawhakamahia he pūnaha ferrule e ngau ana ki roto i te ngongo ina whakakukūhia he nati. E whakamahia ana ēnei mō ngā aho taputapu angiangi, 1 inihi te rahi, iti iho rānei, kia tere ai te huihui me te kore e hiahiatia he taputapu whakarewa.

Te whakataurite i te kaha pēhanga me te āheinga horoi

Ko te whiriwhiri i waenga i ēnei momo me whakataurite i ngā whakaritenga pēhanga me ngā hiahia tiaki me te horoi. Ahakoa he iti te utu me te ngāwari o te hononga miro, he mahanga rongonui ngā āputa moroiti i roto i ngā miro mō ngā huakita me ngā mea waikura.

E whakaatu ana te ripanga, ko ngā pūnaha ahumahi pēhanga teitei e aro nui ana ki ngā hononga kōhao me ngā hononga pūmau, engari ko ngā tono akuaku ka whakarērea ngā āheinga pēhanga teitei kia pai ake ai te horoi o ngā hononga rawhi motuhake.

Me pēhea te aromatawai i ngā hononga paipa kowiri tira

Ko te aromatawai i ngā hononga paipa kowiri tira me titiro ki tua atu i te āhua kanapa o waho, me te keri ki roto i ngā whakaritenga whakarewa me te rahi. Tērā pea he tino pai te āhua o te hononga i runga i te whata, engari ki te kore tōna kaupapa, tōna koranu, tōna momo pēhanga rānei e hangai ki ngā hiahia o te pūnaha, ka noho hei kawenga tonu.

Me whakataurite e ngā miihini me ngā tīma hokohoko ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi ki te taiao mahi e tumanakohia ana kia mau ai te haumaru me te roa o te wā. Ko te tikanga o tēnei me aro nui ki ngā rerekētanga o te karaehe, ngā paerewa hanga, me ngā pepa e whakaatu ana ko te taunga tonu te mea e kīia ana e te kaihanga.

Te whiriwhiri i te maitai kore waikura 304 me te 316

Ko te tautohetohe i waenga i te maitai kore waikura 304 me te 316 te mea tino rongonui mō te hoahoa paipa. Kei roto i te karaehe 304 te 18% o te chromium me te 8% o te nickel, ā, he mea tino pai mō te wai māori, ngā hanganga o roto, me ngā taiao matū ngawari.

Ka tangohia e te karaehe 316 taua turanga, ā, ka tāpirihia he 2% ki te 3% molybdenum. Mā taua tāpiritanga iti ka nui ake te ātete o te konganuku ki ngā pūhaumāota me ngā whakarewa ahumahi. Mena kei te taha o te takutai te rere o te paipa, kei te whakahaere i ngā tote tango hukapapa, kei te kawe rānei i ngā matū kaha, ko te 316 te whiringa paerewa. Nā te mea kua tāpirihia te molybdenum me te nikara, ko te utu mō ngā hononga 316 he 20% ki te 30% te nui ake i ō rātou hoa 304. He mea nui anō hoki te tohu i te momo "L" (pēnei i te 316L) mō ngā hononga whakarewa, nā te mea ko te iti o te ihirangi waro (mōrahi 0.03%) ka ārai i te maturuturunga o te carbide i te wā whakarewa, ka mau tonu te ātete ki te waikura i ngā hononga.

Ngā ine, ngā rārangi wā, ngā akomanga pēhanga, me ngā paerewa

Ka whakahaerea ngā hononga e ngā paerewa āhua me te pēhanga tino pakari hei whakarite i te whakawhitiwhiti ā-ao. Ko ngā hononga whakarewa-muri e rite ana ki te ASME B16.9, e whakatau ana i ngā āhua whānui, ngā āheinga, me ngā matotoru o te pakitara. Ko te matotoru o te pakitara e tohuhia ana e te "Rārangi Paipa" - ko ngā rahi noa ko te Rārangi 10 (pakipara angiangi, hei tauira, 0.109 inihi mō te paipa 2-inihi), Rārangi 40 (paerewa, 0.237 inihi), me te Rārangi 80 (tino taumaha, 0.343 inihi). Me ōrite te rārangi o te hononga ki te paipa e tata ana hei ārai i te rere pōrearea me ngā wāhi ngoikore.

Ko ngā hononga whakarewa, tae atu ki ngā momo whakarewa miro me ngā momo whakarewa kōtui, ka taka ki raro i te paerewa ASME B16.11. Engari i ngā rārangi wā, ka whakatauria ēnei e ngā akomanga pēhanga: 3000#, 6000#, me te 9000#. Ko te hononga 3000# ka honoa ki te paipa Rārangi Wā 80, ko te hononga 6000# ka honoa ki te Rārangi Wā 160. Mā te whakamahi i ngā akomanga me ngā rārangi wā kāore i te ōrite, he ara tere ki te hononga pupuhi.

Te pāmahana, te matū o te pāpāho, te mutunga o te mata, me te āheinga ki te whai

Ahakoa te koranu me te wātaka tika, ka taea te rahua mēnā ka kore e arohia ngā āhuatanga tuarua. Ka tino whakaitihia te kaha pēhanga o te maitai kore waikura e te pāmahana. Hei tauira, ka ngaro te 20% o tōna kaha ahotea e whakaaetia ana i te hononga maitai kore waikura 316 ina whakamahia i te 400°F ki te pāmahana rūma, ā, tata ki te 40% i te 800°F. Ko te matū o te rauemi hoki e whakatau ana i te whakaotinga mata e hiahiatia ana; ko ngā whakaotinga ahumahi paerewa kei waenga i te Ra 3.2 ki te 6.3 µm, engari ko ngā mata taratara ka puta he putunga unahi me te waikura ā-rohe.

Hei whakamutunga, kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i te whai i ngā mahi tino nui. Iate whakaurunga koungaMe haere tahi mai me te Pūrongo Whakamātautau Rauemi (MTR) e rite ana ki te EN 10204 3.1. E whai ana tēnei tuhinga i te nui o te wera o te maitai, e whakarato ana i te hanganga matū tuturu me ngā hua whakamātautau miihini mai i te mira. Ki te kore he MTR, he rite tonu te hononga ki te konganuku para kāore i te mōhiotia ki ngā kaitirotiro ahumahi.

Me pēhea te kimi i ngā hononga paipa kowiri tira kounga teitei

Kua piki haere te uaua o te kimi i ngā hononga paipa kowiri tira i roto i te mākete o te ao. He maha ngā wā kāore e kitea te rerekētanga tirohanga i waenga i te hononga kounga teitei, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga me te hononga rūpahu iti iho i te paerewa. He rautaki morearea te whakawhirinaki anake ki te kaitono iti rawa ina kei te tūpono te pono o te tukanga.

Ko te whakawhanake i tētahi tikanga rapu rauemi pakari ko te tirotiro i te mekameka tuku katoa, mai i te mira i ringihia te maitai mata ki te kaituku e pupuri ana i ngā tuke me ngā tī kua oti. Mā te huarahi matatau ki te rapu rauemi ka ārai i ngā whakaroa kaupapa utu nui me ngā hinganga kino o te mara.

Ngā kaihanga, ngā mira, me ngā kaituku e whai mana ana

Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te kimi rauemi haumaru ko te whakatū i tētahi Rārangi Kaihanga Kua Whakaaetia (AML). Ka whakaaetia noa e ngā kaihoko pono ngā taputapu mai i ngā kaihanga e pupuri ana i ngā tiwhikete ISO 9001 e kaha ana, ā, he hītori whai hua kua whakamātauhia i roto i te ahumahi motuhake. He mea nui kia wehewehea i waenga i ngā mira (e whakaputa ana i te paipa mata, i te paipa rānei) me tengā kaihanga whakauru(e hanga ana, e piko ana, e mīhini ana hoki i te hua whakamutunga).

He mahi nui anō tā ngā kaituku. Ka arotakehia e te kaituku taumata-tuatahi ā rātou hoa hanga i ia wā, ā, ka mau tonu ngā tikanga kati mō ngā rauemi kāore e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga. I te wā e rapu ana i ngā rauemi, pātai atu ki ngā kaituku mō ā rātou tukanga tohu kaihoko; ki te hoko mai rātou i te mākete tuwhera me te kore e tirotiro i te pūtake, ka nui haere te tūponotanga o te whiwhi i ngā koranu whakauru, i ngā koranu iti iho rānei i te paerewa.

Arotake, tuhinga, me ngā arowhai whakamātautau

He pai te whakawhirinaki ki ngā tuhinga, engari he pai ake te manatoko i te hua tūturu.

Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā hononga paipa kowiri tira tika

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Ko ngā whakatau tino nui me te take mō ngā hononga paipa kowiri tira
• Ngā whakaritenga, ngā whakaritenga, me ngā arowhai mōrearea e tika ana kia whakamanahia i mua i tō whakaae
• Ngā mahi whai muri me ngā whakatūpato ka taea e ngā kaipānui te tono tonu

Ngā Pātai Auau

He aha te whakamahinga o ngā paipa kowiri tira?

Ka hono, ka huri, ka peka, ka whakaiti rānei i ngā paipa i roto i ngā pūnaha whakahaere wai, me te āwhina anō hoki ki te pupuri i te pēhanga, te hiri, te ātete ki te waikura, me te haumaru o te pūnaha.

Ko ēhea ngā momo hononga kowiri tira e tino kitea ana?

Ko ngā momo noa ko ngā tuke, ngā tī, ngā whakaiti, ngā ripeka, ngā hononga, ngā uniana, ngā taupoki, ngā mono, ngā flange, me ngā hononga miro, ngā hononga whakarewa rānei.

Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i te paipa kowiri tira tika?

Tātaitia te hononga ki te rahi o te paipa, te whakatauranga pēhanga, te pāmahana, te momo wai, te mōrearea o te waikura, te tikanga hononga, me ngā paerewa ahumahi e tika ana.

He pai ngā taputapu kowiri tira mō ngā pūnaha pēhanga teitei?

Āe, ina tika te whakarārangi. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he hononga pakitara taumaha mō ngā pūnaha pēhanga teitei, he tika ngā tohu koranu, me ngā whakatauranga kua manatokohia mō te pēhanga whakahaere.

Āhea me whakamahi ngā hononga maitai kore waikura 316?

Whakamahia te maitai kore waikura 316 mō ngā taiao whai rawa i te pūhaumāota, moana, matū, kino rānei, ina hiahiatia he ātete pai ake ki ngā poka me te waikura i te 304.